Some financial institutions have never cleared the drachma of their computer systems after the adoption of the euro by Greece in 2001. They would be ready in a flash if the problem of debt forced the country to return to the good old banknotes and coins denominated in drachmas.

In any case, banks are accustomed to change: they have managed the transition of financial markets to the euro in 1999 and the emergence of currency as the Estonian kroon (up ; its replacement by the euro in 2011) and the Kazakh tenge with the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Moreover, it stirs behind the scenes since 2009, when the onset of the debt crisis in Greece, says Hartmut Grossman, American society ICS Risk Advisors works with banks Wall Street.

"Many companies, particularly in Europe and also here, studying it for a long time," said Hartmut Grossman. "All financial institutions are prepared for this eventuality. The departure of Greece in the euro area is not a new idea."

The European Union says it wants to keep the euro in Greece. Polls show that the Greeks want to keep the single currency. But they also voted last Sunday for parties opposed to the bailout of the EU and the International Monetary Fund, which has again raised doubts about the maintenance of the country within the Ten- Sept.

EXCHANGE CONTROL

If Greece leaving the euro, it certainly would impose exchange controls, say bankers, which would not prevent dealings in the new currency.

"The rooms specializing in foreign exchange markets can be ready fast enough. It depends on exactly how to pass out of the euro area, "said Lewis O'Donald, chief risk officer of London-based investment bank Nomura Japan

.. The currency ……. not freely tradable, as the Chinese yuan, followed in markets other than through the use of derivatives such as contracts term for example

. If Greece chooses a fixed exchange rate, everything will depend on the exchange ratio used. If the government chooses a euro for a new drachma, such parity would not be sustainable for very long and would involve major losses for banks Banks

. é ; tudié opportunities to protect themselves but few have taken concrete steps

. "Banks are very, trè s reluctant to start shouting fire. They know what's going on (would) and what would a panic, "said a London lawyer to advise financial institutions

. Most people just check the law applicable to their contracts, are covered against defects and examine all the legal problems that an outflow of Greece to the euro could raise … Simulations

…… have been made. But we do not really know how to operate an output

…. ….. "For transactions denominated in euro, what will their status in case of change in the nature of this currency?" asks Miles Kennedy, a partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers

.

The operating company of Disneyland Paris has improved one percent of its revenue from tourism activities for the period of increased spending by visitors to its parks, despite a decline in attendance.

The group reported in a statement to a net loss of 120.9 million euros in the first half 2011-2012 (October-March) against a loss of 99.5 million, with EBITDA margin reduced to 0.3% against 4.5%. 

Its total sales down 0.9% to 552.4 million euros within the scope of the reduction in its property development activities and lower revenues from its hotels which the occupancy rate fell by 3.6 points to 79.8%.

* EADS confirmed its target of delivering 30 A380s in 2012, despite a slowdown in the rate of production of this unit.

* Pernod Ricard has reported strong sales growth in nine months, despite a slowdown in the third quarter related to inventory reductions expected in France, and confirmed its annual financial targets.

According to its chief financial officer, Gilles Gobaert, April sales did not mark a change in the underlying trend in the first 9 months. He said that Pernod remained open to small acquisitions "tactics".

Pernod Ricard has signed a multi-currency revolving credit facility of EUR 2.5 billion with a pool of 25 banks, which will enable it to refinance debt related to the acquisition of Sweden's Vin & ; Sprit in 2008.

* Alcatel-Lucent has reported a deterioration in its margin in the first quarter, hurt by weak investment of telecom operators in Europe and the United States.

* Technip has published results up to the first quarter, again driven by strong investment of its customers, and reported a record backlog. 

* SAFRAN announced strong growth in quarterly revenue, supported by its commercial engine business, and reaffirmed its 2012 objectives and confidence for years to come given the trends observed ;'re in the market.

* DASSAULT SYSTEMS has been a little more optimistic for its annual outlook after quarterly revenue driven by growth in sales of new licenses and assumptions with more favorable exchange.

* Renault has announced a decrease of 8.6% of its turnover in the first quarter because of the European car market, but confirmed its forecast for the year given the growth registered abroad. 

* PPR has reported a net sales growth in the first quarter, driven by a brilliant performance of its luxury brands Bottega Veneta and Yves Saint Laurent, while FNAC showed a relative re ; resistance.

* Wednesday denied VIVENDI consider dismantling the group's activities after media reports suggesting the possibility of such a scenario.

Citing people familiar with the matter, the Bloomberg news agency reported earlier in the day that the conglomerate present in the telecom, media and Entertainment was considering an overhaul of its structure which could lead to a dismantling of the group. 

* Eramet, whose sales fell 10% in the first quarter, said its operating profit in the first half should be lower than in the first half of 2012 Due to the falling price of nickel and manganese.

* Gemalto announced it had registered a turnover of "record" in the first quarter 2012 with an increase of 9%, a performance that allows the specialist smart card to reaffirm its financial targets in 2012 and 2013 .

* Technicolor announced a turnover down 1.5%, a performance nonetheless considered "solid", saying the group can achieve its financial targets in 2012 despite restructuring charges e lifted. 

* KLÉPIERRE confirmed its 2012 targets after posting growth of 3.1% of its rents in the first quarter supported by the activity of shopping centers.

* MERSEN announced a turnover back to the first quarter of 2012, slowed by its solar division, which suffers from a market still at half mast.

* IPSOS confirmed its objectives for this year, following growth of 46% of its turnover in the first quarter, mainly resulting from the integration of Synovate acquired in July 2011.

The public deficit of Greece for 2011 "is estimated at 9.1% of GDP, to 19.6 billion euros", said Monday the Greek Statistical Authority (Elstat) in a statement. "The Greek government debt for 2011 reached 355.6 billion euros, to 165.3% of GDP", according to this text. These figures are very close to the forecast contained in the budget of the country voted in December, which foresaw a deficit of 9% of GDP, against 10.6% in 2010 and a debt of 161.7% of GDP, against 144, 9% in 2010.  

"Greece has managed to reduce by two years the general government deficit of 6.5 points (…), which we will soon have primary surpluses," said Finance Minister Philippos Sahinidis, quoted in a statement. Mr. Sahinidis predicted in March that the deficit would amount to around 9.2% of GDP. First country affected by the debt crisis, Greece is subject to a strict austerity program to consolidate its public finances. This program, dictated by its creditors EU and IMF, was agreed in exchange for international loans and a debt restructuring that enabled the country in March, erasing about 105 billion euros.

"The need for continued effort to restore fiscal and financial recovery is the goal of next year (…), which will also benefit the Greeks" to justify "their sacrifices," said Mr. Sahinidis. According to budget estimates, the country targets a deficit of 7% in 2012 and a reduction of its debt to 145.5% of GDP after the restructuring. The Minister visited during the weekend in Washington, where he met with the Executive Director of the IMF, Christine Lagarde, on the sidelines of the meeting of the General Assembly of the organization and a ministers' meeting G20 finance.

"The discussion with Ms. Lagarde was held in a positive atmosphere. We have addressed the issue of recapitalization of banks in Greece after the successful restructuring of debt of the country and the progress made in implementing the sanitation program of the economy, "said Mr. Sahinidis, quoted by the Greek news agency, Ana (semi-official). "Today there is greater optimism about the country's exit from the crisis," added the Minister.

Most of these countries have much higher ratios, significantly aggravated by the recent crisis, the OECD average in excess of 100% and 200% Japan.

For comparison, the French public debt amounted to 1.717 billion euros at end 2011, nearly 86% of GDP.

"Cleaning up public finances to cope with the consequences of the crisis, the underlying weaknesses as well as future pressures on public spending is a major challenge for many countries", e described the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 

"It appears there could be an important and lasting fiscal tightening in almost all countries to reduce debt to prudent levels," she says, adding: "Given the weak economy World, commissioning Å? work of a broad program of fiscal restraint could be particularly costly. "

Industrial production in France rose slightly by 0.3% in February, thanks to the consumption of gas and electricity induced by the cold wave, is now on the same rate as in January (0.2%, revised), announced Tuesday the National Institute of Statistics (INSEE). In the manufacturing industry alone, which excludes mining and construction, production was down sharply by 1.2% over one month, after a slight increase of 0.2% in January, said INSEE in a statement.

Over the last three months, production was down 1.1% in manufacturing and 0.5% in the entire industry. Over this period, production was down in the "other industrial products" (-1.2%), in the agricultural and food industries (-0.8%) and transport equipment (-0.7%) . The refining business suffers from maintenance outages, with a decline of 7.2%. Manufacturing production for the last three months has significantly decline (-1.6%) compared to the same three months last year. Over the same period, production has fallen sharply in the "other industries" (-2.0%), transport equipment (-2.7%), as well as in electrical, electronic, computer and machinery ( -0.4%).

She also declined sharply in the refining (-13.1%), mainly because of the shutdown of the refinery in Little Crown, according to INSEE. For February alone, refining is down 5.1% after a 12.0% drop in January. The production also decreases in the rubber, plastic and non-metallic minerals because of the cold wave (-6.7%), metallurgy and metal products (-1.7%), chemicals (-1.7%) textiles, clothing, leather and footwear (-1.5%). However it increases by 2.1% in "other manufacturing". It was down in electrical equipment (-4.3%), computer products, electronic and optical products (-2.3%) and remained stable in machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified (0.0%). It remains stable in the other transport equipment (-0.1%) and automotive (0.1%).

The first estimate of the deficit is to be published by INSEE Friday morning.

The objective of the Finance Act was 5.7% and the government indicated it could be 5.3%.

Asked by Reuters, the Budget Ministry did not wish to comment.

The government and the two main candidates in the presidential election, the socialist Francois Hollande and Past President Nicolas Sarkozy pledged to reduce the deficit (which includes State, local and social security) to 4.5% of GDP at end 2012 and 3% in late 2013.

In March 2010, financial storm, the government launched the national loan to support the economy: the key to an envelope of 35 billion euros to finance research and innovation. Two years later, the device has already helped to select and provide funding to 880 projects on 3,000 proposals received.  

"Today it is 25 billion spent, but in a few days, there will be 27 billion," says Alain Juppe, who was with Michel Rocard, co-chairman of the Supervisory Commission and Great Loan Rene Ricol, Commissioner General investment, a press conference-record March 20.

€ 6 billion for education

Among the 880 projects already selected, higher education is carving the lion's share. 8 and excellence initiatives, designed to bring out the poles leading academics, have been funded for more than 6 billion euros. In addition, eight technology research institutes combining private and public research have received a total of 2 billion.  

In industry, it is aviation, and in this case EADS, with its two subsidiaries Airbus and Eurocopter, which has hit the jackpot: € 1.4 billion for two demonstrators, one of composite airplane, another helicopter of the future. The banking industry, announced in February by Nicolas Sarkozy, should also benefit from a contribution of one billion euros through the big loan.

In sustainable development and the digital economy, the budget allocated to the various projects are less important. They concern, for the first, low-carbon or renewable energies, for the second, the digitization of content, cloud computing, e-health or e-education.

No doubt, the teams have carbureted big loan. They still have two new programs announced yesterday university hospital oncology in Ile de France and Toulouse. But it is still early to assess the impact of these investments for the future of the economy and the role of France in international competition.

The company in financial difficulty, does not meet its turnaround plan, said the minister who was speaking to reporters.

Kingfisher Airlines is now operating more than 18 aircraft, barely more than a quarter of its fleet.

The company, whose debt stands at $ 1.3 billion (995 million), could file for bankruptcy if banks continue to refuse to lend money for its operations rations from day to day. 

A massive decrease in thefts has reduced the turnover of the group and the carrier has almost no money to defray the salaries and meet its tax liabilities and its airport charges.

The chairman of Kingfisher, Vijay Mallya, will meet the civil aviation authorities Tuesday or Wednesday to discuss the Group's recovery, the minister added.

According to data from Airbus, current orders Kingfisher deal 32 single-aisle A320 Family, 20 A330s, five long-haul A350 and five A380 super-jumbo.

Equity markets have recovered tone. Wall Street has lost ground with the financial crisis, is now finding its levels in late 2007 after a 11% jump in three months. For the first time in its history, its flagship index, the Dow and the Nasdaq, dominated by technology, rose this week above the psychological threshold of 13,000 points and 3,000 points, during the same session. European stock markets are pronounced the same trend, the Cac 40 in Paris even showing since mid-February a gain of 21% which allowed him to retake the course of 3600 points.

The rally in shares is not new. It has already lasted three months and we owe largely to central banks, said Benjamin Melman, Director absolute performance at Edmond de Rothschild IM. The rebound in stock prices coincided with the opening last December, to tap liquidity from the ECB or the provision of banks over 1000 billion euros of resources at low cost. This proactive reassured investors who constantly claim that the central bank acts as a lender of last resort to stem the contagion of debt. But his determined action has contributed to lower interest rates in the bond market and away along the spectrum of the credit crisis that threatened the European economy. The Fed has also facilitated the rise of the stock market by deciding to extend until 2014 its ultra accommodative monetary policy. Of course, the rescue of Greece has also helped to ease investors. Although all issues are not resolved, a page of the European crisis has turned, says Francois Chevallier, strategist at Bank economist and Leonardo.

And the good news for investors is that the rally is not over yet. Price increases in January and in February was made with very little volume, Melman says Benjamin. Many investors have been waiting patiently for several issues are resolved. They return on the market today. We assist in some way, a second wave of purchases, which explains the recent acceleration in price rises.

How long can it last? Difficult to say. Looking at the ratios of current profits, we say that most of the journey was made, says François Chevallier. However, the stock market has another engine, that of profit expectations. But they will remain well oriented in the short term due to the favorable business surveys. The ZEW index in Germany and that of the Philadelphia Fed – two leading indicators of the industry – improved further in March, says the expert. This means that the plateau expected in the industry has not yet occurred. The next ISM index, which takes the pulse of American industry, may still show an increase in early April, at the same time giving a new impetus to the market.

As of May, however, the stock market could consolidate, ie enter a phase of slower growth. Indeed, the production rates in the industry expected to slow. Moreover, the return of valuations at pre-crisis level will lead to profit taking, says Francois Chevalllier. Tensions on the bond markets – the U.S. 10-year rates rose in a few weeks from 1.8% to 2.3% – would create air holes on the stock market, adds Benjamin Melman. Volatility will brief comeback. The opportunity for investors to remember an old adage stock: sell in may and go away.